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Pacificus of Verona
Pacificus of Verona (Italian: ''Pacifico di Verona'') ( 776 – 23 November 844 AD) was a 9th-century Carolingian Italian religious leader, notable for his tenure as the archdeacon of Verona from 803 until his death in 844, as well as the historiographical debate over the validity of the many achievements ascribed to him.
During his residency in Verona, he is alleged to have accomplished a number of feats, including composing or copying a large volume of texts, founding or helping to found several institutions in and around Verona, as well as several inventions that have been attributed to him. His works have been referenced and idealized by many inhabitants of Verona throughout history, and his charters were frequently used as evidence in debates surrounding the authority of the bishops and archdeacons of the city. He was reportedly well educated on a variety of subjects and has been held up by some as an example of a Carolingian ''Uomo Universale''. There is a street named after him in Verona.
==Sources==
Not much can be determined about Pacificus from contemporary documents, as few survive from his time. His existence is proved by at least one private document bearing his autograph signature from 809,〔Pacificus, Fondo Veneto, I, no. 6529. 13 May 809. Verona. Archivio Segreto Vaticano, cited in Cristina La Rocca, "A man for all seasons: Pacificus of Verona and the creation of a local Carolingian past," chap. 11 in ''The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages'', ed. Yitzhak Hen and Matthew Innes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).〕 as well as possibly a second similar document from 814.〔Pacificus, III-4-3r. 20 June 814. Verona. Archivio Capitolare Veronese, cited in Cristina La Rocca, "A man for all seasons: Pacificus of Verona and the creation of a local Carolingian past," chap. 11 in ''The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages'', ed. Yitzhak Hen and Matthew Innes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).〕 These documents relate to the properties held by the ''schola sacerdotum'' (a school for priests) he is credited with founding in Verona. There are several other charters or documents claimed to have been written or signed by Pacificus, but their authenticity is currently a matter of debate.〔Cristina La Rocca, "A man for all seasons: Pacificus of Verona and the creation of a local Carolingian past," chap. 11 in ''The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages'', ed. Yitzhak Hen and Matthew Innes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).〕 In addition there are several ''marginalia'' believed to have been written by Pacificus on manuscripts from Church's Veronese archives, as well as numerous manuscripts attributed to him.〔"Codices Latini Antiquiores: a paleographical guide to latin manuscripts prior to the ninth century," ''Italy: Perugia-Verona'', Vol. 4, ed. Elias Avery Lowe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947), 472-516.〕
What other information available on his life comes from later sources, and there is some debate as to the reliability of the information they give us.〔Cristina La Rocca, ''Pacifico di Verona. Il Passato Carolingio Nella Costruzione Della Memoria Urbana'', (Nella Sede Dell'Istituto, 1995), cited in Cristina La Rocca, "A man for all seasons: Pacificus of Verona and the creation of a local Carolingian past," chap. 11 in ''The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages'', ed. Yitzhak Hen and Matthew Innes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).〕 These sources include two epitaphs in the Verona Cathedral which had long been thought contemporaneous to Pacificus, but which some now argue date from the cathedral's construction in the twelfth century, some 270 years after Pacificus' death.〔A. Bartoli, "Il complesso romanico," ''La cattedrale di Verona nelle vicende edilizie dal secolo VI al secolo XVI'', ed. P. P. Brugnoli (Verona: 1987), 101-65, cited in Cristina La Rocca, "A man for all seasons: Pacificus of Verona and the creation of a local Carolingian past," chap. 11 in ''The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages'', ed. Yitzhak Hen and Matthew Innes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).〕〔Cristina La Rocca, "A man for all seasons: Pacificus of Verona and the creation of a local Carolingian past," chap. 11 in ''The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages'', ed. Yitzhak Hen and Matthew Innes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 252-254.〕〔Cristina La Rocca, ''Pacifico di Verona. Il Passato Carolingio Nella Costruzione Della Memoria Urbana'', (Nella Sede Dell'Istituto, 1995), cited in Cristina La Rocca, "A man for all seasons: Pacificus of Verona and the creation of a local Carolingian past," chap. 11 in ''The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages'', ed. Yitzhak Hen and Matthew Innes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).〕 Other sources providing details from Pacificus' life include the fourteenth-century work ''Historiae Imperialis'' (Imperial History) by Giovanni de Matociis (commonly known as Giovanni Mansionario), and the 16th-century work ''Antiquitates Veronenses'' by the Augustinian monk Onuphrius Panvinius.
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